]External links and further reading
 Reuters: Times of Crisis - multimedia interactive charting the year of global change
 Stewart, James B., "Eight Days: the battle to save the American financial system", The New Yorker magazine, September 21, 2009.
 Testing the Efficiency of the Commercial Real Estate Market: Evidence from the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis - Paper by Otto Van Hemert, NYU Stern & AQR Capital Management
 Princeton Economist Alan Blinder Lecture - Origins of the Financial Mess
 PBS Frontline - Inside the Meltdown
 Economic Crisis and Stimulus from UCB Libraries GovPubs
 Credit Crisis — The Essentials topic page from The New York Times
 Credit Crisis Indicators (Updated daily) - Five ways to measure recent market disruption, from the New York Times
 Gjerstad, Steven; and Vernon L. Smith (2009-04-06). "From Bubble to Depression? Why the Housing Bubble Crashed the Financial System but the Dot-com Bubble Did Not". Wall Street Journal. p. A15.
 John C. Hull, The Credit Crunch of 2007: What Went Wrong? Why? What Lessons Can Be Learned?, Rothman School Research Paper, available here
 The Global Financial Crisis and Responses by the Churches (Arnold Neufeldt-Fast, PhD, Tyndale Seminary, Toronto)
 Impact of the Financial Crisis Towers Perrin Thought Leadership
 NYU Stern on Finance - Understanding the Financial Crisis
 Davis Polk Financial Crisis Manual
 How nations around the world are responding to the global financial crisis from PBS
 Tracking the Global Recession accurate and useful information from Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
 Sjostrom, Jr., William K.. "The AIG Bailout". (2009)
 In depth: Global financial crisis from the Financial Times
 Stimulus Watch, U.S. Budget Watch, an interactive database which tracks all economic recovery efforts
 Woods, Thomas (2009). Meltdown: A Free-Market Look at Why the Stock Market Collapsed, the Economy Tanked, and Government Bailouts Will Make Things Worse. Washington, DC: Regnery. ISBN 1596985879.
 Erollover on housing bubble
 A view from inside the financial world. Deeper analysis and part of the solution ? Eddy Vanderlinden
 ILO Job Crisis Observatory
 [8] Financial Crisis-IMF
 [9] Financial Crisis-World Bank Group
 [10] From Global Financial Crisis-Asian Development Bank
 [11] Financial Crisis -Theological Responses and Resources
 [12] 2008-2009 Global Financial Crisis (useful links)
[hide]
v • d • e
Financial crisis of 2007–2009

Late 2000s recession • 2008 G-20 Washington summit • APEC Peru 2008 • 2009 G-20 London summit • 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit


Specific issues United States housing market correction • World food price crisis • Energy crisis (Central Asia) •Subprime mortgage crisis (timeline, List of writedowns) • Automotive industry crisis • Future of newspapers •List of entities involved (Bankrupt or acquired banks, Bankrupt retailers) • Effects upon museums • Banking revelations in Ireland •Resurgence of Keynesianism


By country (or region) Belgium • Iceland • Ireland • Latvia • Russia • Spain • Ukraine • (Europe • Africa • Americas • Asia • Australasia)


Legislation and policy responses

Banking and finance
stability and reform Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008 • Commercial Paper Funding Facility • Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 •Troubled Assets Relief Program • Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility • Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program •2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package • 2008 East Asian meetings • Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Bill 2009 •2009 G-20 London summit • Irish emergency budget, 2009 • National Asset Management Agency


Stimulus and recovery National fiscal policy response to the late 2000s recession • Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 •Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 • 2008 Chinese economic stimulus plan • 2008 European Union stimulus plan •American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 • Green New Deal


Companies and banking institutions

Companies in bankruptcy,
administration,
or other insolvency
proceedings; or in failure
New Century Financial Corporation • Woolworths • American Freedom Mortgage • American Home Mortgage •Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC • Charter Communications • Lehman Brothers (bankruptcy) • Linens 'n Things • Mervyns •NetBank • Terra Securities (scandal) • Sentinel Management Group • Washington Mutual • Icesave • Kaupthing Singer & Friedlander •Yamato Life • Circuit City • Allco Finance Group • Waterford Wedgwood • Saab Automobile • BearingPoint • Tweeter •Babcock & Brown • Silicon Graphics • Conquest Vacations • General Growth Properties • Chrysler (bankruptcy) •Thornburg Mortgage • Great Southern Group • General Motors (bankruptcy) • Eddie Bauer • Nortel • BI-LO (United States) •Arena Football League • DSB Bank


Government bailouts
and takeovers Northern Rock (nationalisation) • Bear Stearns • IndyMac Federal Bank • Fannie Mae (takeover) • Freddie Mac (takeover) • AIG •Bradford & Bingley • Fortis • Glitnir • Hypo Real Estate • Dexia • CL Financial • Landsbanki • Kaupthing • Straumur • ING Group • Citigroup •General Motors • Chrysler • Bank of America • Anglo Irish Bank (nationalisation) • Parex Bank • Bank of Antigua •ACC Capital Holdings (reorganization) • U.S. Central Credit Union • Bank of Ireland • Allied Irish Bank


Company acquisitions Ameriquest Mortgage • Countrywide Financial • Bear Stearns • Alliance & Leicester • Merrill Lynch • Washington Mutual •Derbyshire Building Society • Cheshire Building Society • HBOS • Wachovia • Sovereign Bank • Barnsley Building Society •Scarborough Building Society • National City Corp. (details) • Dunfermline Building Society


Other topics

Alleged frauds
and fraudsters Stanford Financial Group (Allen Stanford) • Fairfield Greenwich Group • UBS AG • Sean FitzPatrick (Anglo Irish Bank) •Kazutsugi Nami (Enten controversy) • Nicholas Cosmo • Arthur Nadel • Paul Greenwood • Stephen Walsh • Laura Pendergest-Holt •Angelo Mozilo • Barry Tannenbaum


Proven or admitted
frauds and fraudsters Bernard Madoff (Ponzi scheme)(Frank DiPascali) • Satyam Computer Services (accounting scandal) (Ramalinga Raju) •Marc Stuart Dreier • Norman Hsu • Joseph S. Forte • Du Jun


Related entities Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation • Federal Reserve System • Federal Housing Administration • Federal Housing Finance Agency •Federal Housing Finance Board • Government National Mortgage Association • Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight •Office of Financial Stability • UK Financial Investments Limited • Federal Home Loan Banks


Securities involved
and financial markets Auction rate securities • Collateralized debt obligations • Collateralized mortgage obligations • Credit default swaps •Mortgage-backed securities • Secondary mortgage market


Related topics Bailout • Bank run • Credit crunch • Economic bubble • Error account • Financial contagion • Financial crisis • Interbank lending market •Liquidity crisis • Ponzi scheme • Prison consultant • Tea Party protests


[show]
v • d • e
US Subprime mortgage crisis


[show]
v • d • e
Banking panics in the United States


[show]
v • d • e
Stock market crashes


Categories: Late 2000s global financial crisis | 2000s economic history | 2008 in economics | Economic bubbles | Economic crises | Financial crises | Stock market crashes | Real estate crises
• article

• discussion

• edit this page

• history
• Try Beta

• Log in / create account

navigation
 Main page
 Contents
 Featured content
 Current events
 Random article
search

interaction
 About Wikipedia
 Community portal
 Recent changes
 Contact Wikipedia
 Donate to Wikipedia
 Help
toolbox
 What links here
 Related changes
 Upload file
 Special pages
 Printable version
 Permanent link
 Cite this page
languages
 Česky
 Dansk
 Deutsch
 Ελληνικά
 Español
 فارسی
 Français
 한국어
 Hrvatski
 Bahasa Indonesia
 Latviešu
 Lëtzebuergesch
 Nederlands
 日本語
 Norsk (bokmål)
 Ripoarisch
 Română
 Русский
 Suomi
 Tiếng Việt
 中文


 This page was last modified on 24 October 2009 at 16:16.

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

 Privacy policy

 About Wikipedia

 Disclaimers

Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running!

Jordan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Jordan (disambiguation).
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
[show]
الأردنّ al-'Urdunn





Anthem: عاش المليك
The Royal Anthem of Jordan
("As-salam al-malaki al-urdoni")1
Peace to the King of Jordan


Capital
Amman
31°57′N 35°56′E

Official languages
Arabic

Ethnic groups
96% Arab [1]
and 4% others.
Demonym
Jordanian

Government
Constitutional monarchy

- King
Abdullah II

- Prime Minister
Nader al-Dahabi

Independence

- End of BritishLeague of Nations mandate

25 May 1946
Area

- Total 92,300 km2 (112th)
35,637 sq mi

- Water (%)
0.8
Population

- 2009 estimate 6,316,000[2] (102nd)

- July 2004 census 5,611,202
- Density
68.4/km2 (131st)
138.8/sq mi
GDP (PPP)
2008 estimate
- Total $32.416 billion[3]

- Per capita
$5,661[3]

GDP (nominal)
2008 estimate
- Total $21.225 billion[3]

- Per capita
$3,776[3]

Gini (2002–03)
38.8 (medium)
HDI (2007)
▲0.773 (medium) (86th)

Currency
Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Time zone
UTC+2 (UTC+2)

- Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (UTC+3)

Drives on the
Right
Internet TLD
.jo

Calling code
962
1 Also serves as the Royal anthem.

Jordan (Arabic: الأردنّ‎ al-'Urdunn), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country inWestern Asia spanning the southern part of the Syrian Desert down to the Gulf of Aqaba. Jordan shares borders with Syria to the north, Iraq to the northeast, Saudi Arabia to the east and south, the Gulf of Aqaba to the southwest, and Israel and the West Bank to the west. It shares control of the Dead Sea with Israel. Much of Jordan is covered by desert, particularly the Arabian Desert; however the north-western area, with the Jordan River, is regarded as part of the Fertile Crescent. The capital city of Amman is in the north-west.
During its history, Jordan has seen numerous civilisations, including such ancient eastern ones as the Canaanite and later other Semitic peoples such as the Edomites, and the Moabites. Other civilisations possessing political sovereignty and influence in Jordan were: Akkadian, Assyrian,Judean, Babylonian, and Persian empires. Jordan was for a time part of Pharaonic Egypt, theHasmonean Dynasty of the Maccabees, and also spawned the native Nabatean civilisation which left rich archaeological remains at Petra. Cultures from the west also left their mark, such as theMacedonian, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Turkish empires. Since the seventh century the area has been under Muslim and Arab cultures, with the exception of a brief period when the west of the area formed part of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and a short time under British rule.
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a constitutional monarchy with representative government. The reigning monarch is the head of state, the chief executive and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The king exercises his executive authority through the prime ministers and the Council of Ministers, or cabinet. The cabinet, meanwhile, is responsible before the democratically elected House of Deputies which, along with the House of Notables (Senate), constitutes the legislative branch of the government. The judicial branch is an independent branch of the government.
Jordan is a modern Arab nation with a predominantly middle class population that lacks the vast wealth of some of its neighbors. Jordan's population is 92% Sunni Muslim with a small Christian minority. Jordanian society is predominantly urbanized and very ethnically diverse. Jordan is classified as an emerging market by the CIA factbook. Jordan is a pro-Western regime that has very close relations with the West especially with the United States, the United Kingdom andFrance. Jordan became a major non-NATO ally in 1996. Jordan is one of only two Arab nations, the other being Egypt, that has relations with Israel[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. It is a founding member of the Arab League[12][13] and the CAEU, a member of the OIC[14][15], theWTO[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], the AFESD[25], the Arab Parliament[26], the AIDMO[27], theAMF[28], the IMF[29][30], the International Criminal Court[31], the UNHRC[32], the GAFTA, theESCWA[33], the ENP[34][35][36] and the United Nations[37]. Jordan is also currently undergoing close integration with the European Union and the Gulf Cooperation Council. Jordan expects to receive "advanced status" with the EU by 2011. [38]
Contents
[hide]
• 1 History
o 1.1 Ancient Jordan
o 1.2 Modern Jordan
• 2 Geography
• 3 Climate
• 4 Administrative divisions
• 5 Demographics
• 6 Politics
o 6.1 Constitution
o 6.2 Legal system and legislation
o 6.3 Kings of Jordan and political events
• 7 Religion
• 8 Parliament
o 8.1 Term
• 9 Political parties
• 10 Immigration
• 11 Human rights
• 12 Economy
o 12.1 Brain Drain and Brain Gain
• 13 Natural resources
o 13.1 Natural gas
o 13.2 Oil shale
o 13.3 Phosphates
o 13.4 Uranium
o 13.5 Water
• 14 Transportation
• 15 Currency and exchange rates
• 16 Tourism
o 16.1 Nature reserves
o 16.2 Influence of the Southwest Asian conflict
 16.2.1 Opportunity Cost of Conflict
 16.2.2 Drain on the GDP
• 17 Foreign relations
• 18 Military
o 18.1 Army
o 18.2 Navy
o 18.3 Air Force
o 18.4 Peacekeeping Abroad
o 18.5 Defence industry
o 18.6 Police
• 19 Culture
• 20 Health
• 21 Language
• 22 Quality of life
• 23 Globalization
• 24 Education
o 24.1 School education
 24.1.1 Foreign secondary education programs
o 24.2 Higher education
• 25 See also
• 26 References
• 27 External links

[edit]History


The ancient city of Petra, one of the Seven Wonders of the World.


The Mesha stele as photographed circa 1891. The stele describes King Mesha's wars against the Israelites.
Main article: History of Jordan